Resumen. El incremento del nivel del mar se ha acelerado por el calentamiento global. Las zonas más amenazadas son las pequeñas islas y las planicies costeras. Tabasco se localiza en una llanura costera inundable. Utilizando información demográfica, valores de erosión costera y datos globales de elevación del nivel del mar, se identificó el área, y las localidades en ella, entre cero y un metro sobre el nivel del mar. Los resultados indican que 55.58% de la superficie estatal está en este rango. La potencial pérdida de territorio podría afectar a 76 localidades, transformando las posibles actividades productivas que se realicen.

Abstract. Sea level rise has been accelerated due to global warming. The most threatened areas are small islands and coastal plains. Tabasco is located in a coastal flood plain. Using demographic information, coastal erosion values and global sea level elevation data, the area and localities up to one meter above sea level (MASL) were identified. The results indicate that 55.58% of the state surface is within this range. In addition, the potential loss of territory could affect 76 localities, transforming the possible productive activities carried out.

Abstract Community forestry enterprises (CFEs) require regional business planning skills to establish and maintain business associations at large-scale. The aim of this study was to identify the perception of four CFEs on the limitations and opportunities for scaling up in CFEs in Central Mexico. We selected four contrasting CFEs of development and social organization level to assess barriers and opportunities for scaling up, applying interviews to different stakeholders. The analysis of obstacles and opportunities suggests that scaling strategies should foster technical and administrative training, develop infrastructure and strengthen internal governance that promote economic diversification and increased income from forest management.

Resumen Las empresas forestales comunitarias (EFC) requieren habilidades de planificación comercial regional para establecer y mantener asociaciones comerciales a mayor escala. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar la percepción de cuatro EFC contrastantes sobre las limitaciones y oportunidades de escalamiento en el centro de México, con base en el nivel de desarrollo de aprovechamiento silvícola y organización social, aplicando entrevistas a diferentes actores. El análisis cualitativo de obstáculos y oportunidades sugiere que las estrategias de escalamiento deben fomentar capacitación técnica y administrativa, desarrollar infraestructura y gobernanza interna sólida, que favorezca la diversificación económica, y mayores ingresos derivados del manejo forestal.

Resumo A garantia da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) e do Direito Humano à Alimentação e Nutrição Adequadas (DHANA) à população depende da produção sustentável de alimentos diversificados e saudáveis. A agricultura familiar é o segmento responsável por grande parte dos alimentos destinados ao consumo interno. Políticas públicas como o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) e o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), que possibilitam o acesso de agricultores familiares ao mercado institucional e o fornecimento de alimentos a populações em vulnerabilidade, são de grande relevância à promoção da SAN. O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar quais os efeitos do acesso ao mercado institucional brasileiro na SAN de agricultores familiares do município de Almirante Tamandaré. Para tal, adotou-se como procedimentos metodológicos a revisão integrativa da literatura e o estudo de caso. Para a apresentação e análise dos resultados foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo aliada a uma análise estatística descritiva dos dados. Evidenciou-se que o acesso dos agricultores familiares entrevistados ao mercado institucional impactou positivamente nas suas condições de SAN, ao possibilitar geração e melhoria de renda, garantia de trabalho e escoamento de produção, diversificação produtiva e, consequentemente, maior variedade de alimentos consumidos.

Abstract Ensuring Food and Nutrition Security (SAN) and the Human Right to Adequate Food and Nutrition (DHANA) for the population depends on the sustainable production of diversified and healthy foods. Family farming is the segment responsible for most of the food intended for domestic consumption. Public policies such as the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) and the National School Feeding Program (PNAE), which allow family farmers access to the institutional market and the supply of food to vulnerable populations, are of great relevance to the promotion of SAN. The aim of this study was to analyze the impacts of access to the Brazilian institutional market in the SAN for family farmers in the municipality of Almirante Tamandaré. To this end, the integrative literature review and case study were adopted as methodological procedures. For the presentation and analysis of the results, content analysis combined with a descriptive statistical analysis of the data was used. It was evident that the access of family farmers interviewed to the institutional market had a positive impact on their SAN conditions, by enabling the generation and improvement of income, guarantee of work and production flow, productive diversification and, consequently, a greater variety of consumed foods.

Abstract This article proposes a comparative analysis between public and regulatory policies for implementing microgeneration and mini generation in Brazilian and German markets. The research was developed based on scientific texts and legal orders. Distributed microgeneration and mini generation are becoming a reality in Brazil. The current regulatory framework for distributed generation, effective from January 2022, promises to update the legislation and promote renewable energy. Since Brazilian legislation is still in its infancy, it is essential to compare it with other places where laws and regulations have already undergone several changes so we can learn from its mistakes and successes.

Resumen: Objetivo: explicar la relación del valor de las empresas que cotizan en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV) calculado con las metodologías valor de capitalización y valor económico agregado (EVA) a nivel sectorial durante el periodo de 2006 a 2017. Diseño metodológico: se aplican los métodos EVA y valor de capitalización para el periodo de 2006 a 2017, tomando como muestra las empresas que cotizaron en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV) y se determina una correlación de Pearson entre dichos valores. Resultados: no se encontró una relación entre los valores de la empresa calculados mediante valor de capitalización y EVA durante el periodo estudiado. El valor de capitalización tiende a aumentar mientras el EVA disminuye muy ligeramente. Limitaciones de la investigación: el número de empresas que comprende cada sector es reducido, llegando a componerse en algunos casos por una sola empresa. Hallazgos: toda vez que el valor de capitalización tiende a aumentar mientras el EVA disminuye ligeramente, se afirma que las empresas que componen la muestra no crearon valor durante el periodo, pero sí incrementaron su valor de capitalización, lo que sugiere un impulso a las operaciones comerciales de las acciones de las compañías desligado de la creación de valor.

Abstract Purpose: To explain the relationship between the value of Mexican Stock Exchange companies (BMV) measured through the capitalization value and economic value added (EVA) methods, at a sector level, from 2006 to 2017. Methodological design: The EVA and capitalization value methods were applied in the period from 2006 to 2017, taking the companies listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange as the sample; a Pearson relationship correlation was then measured between both indicators. Results: No relationship was found between the company’s value measured through capitalization value and EVA during the studied time span. Capitalization value tends to rise while EVA shows a light downward trend. Research limitations:: The number of companies in each sector is small with some sectors comprised by one company only. Findings: Since capitalization value shows a rising tendency while EVA’s decreases, it is affirmed that sample companies did not create value but rather they did increase their capitalization value, which suggest a boost to commercial operations of companies’ shares with no link to value creation.

For the first time, the influence of gas mixture on first damage resistance of a plasma nitrided DIN 18MnCrSiMo6-4 bainitic steel was investigated. Samples were nitrided at 500 °C with three different N2-H2 gas mixtures, containing 5, 24, and 76 vol.% N2. Samples were characterized concerning the resulting roughness, microstructure, compound layer’s phase composition, residual stresses in the diffusion zone, and surface hardness. Tribological ball-on-flat tests were carried out in reciprocal mode using zirconia as ball material for friction coefficient and the compound layer resistance until the first damage. The test results were evaluated statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA). As the amount of nitrogen in the gas mixture decreases, the ε-Fe2-3(C)N content in the compound layer decreases. A γ’-Fe4N monophasic compound layer was achieved at 5 vol.% N2 gas mixture. The diffusion zone as expected presented compressive residual stresses with the highest values near the surface. In the tribological tests, better results were obtained for 5 and 24 vol.% N2 in the gas mixture as higher amounts of γ’-Fe4N were formed. The 76 vol.% N2 gas mixture led to a brittle behavior, due to the biphasic compound layer (γ’-Fe4N and ε-Fe2-3(C)N) with a predominant content of ε-Fe2-3(C)N.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar la existencia de un estrés calórico en pollos de engorda y evaluar la efectividad de la suplementación con un producto orgánico de Cr en la disminución de este. Materiales y Métodos. Se determinó la existencia de un estrés calórico mediante la medición del comportamiento de la temperatura y la humedad relativa durante el experimento. Estos indicadores se registraron diariamente, con frecuencia de una hora, utilizando termohigrómetros digitales. Se utilizaron 45 pollos de engorda Ross 308 sexados machos, desde 1 d de edad, provenientes de un experimento de comportamiento productivo con 300 animales. Estos se distribuyeron en tres tratamientos (control, 200 y 400 ppbCr/ kg de dieta) según un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con 4 repeticiones de 25 pollos cada una. Al finalizar el ciclo productivo se determinó la concentración de cortisol en suero sanguíneo de 15 animales por tratamiento, como indicador de estrés. Cada animal constituyó una unidad experimental. Para el análisis de los resultados, se utilizó el paquete estadístico computarizado INFOSTAT. Resultados. Los valores del índice de confort de temperatura y humedad durante los últimos 32 días de duración de la prueba oscilaron entre 112.53 y 115.26. Las concentraciones promedio de cortisol para los tres tratamientos evaluados fueron de 9.45, 8.91 y 7.66 nmol/L, respectivamente, sin mostrar diferencias significativas entre ellos. Conclusiones. El producto orgánico de Cr fue efectivo en la reducción del estrés calórico al disminuir la concentración de cortisol, aunque no significativamente, en suero sanguíneo de los pollos de engorda. Se ratificó la existencia de un estrés generado por calor durante la realización del experimento.

ABSTRACT Objective. Determinate the existence of a heat stress in broilers and evaluate the effectiveness of the supplementation with an organic Cr product for decreasing or heat stress in broilers. Materials and Methods. The existence of heat stress was determined by measuring temperature and relative humidity during the experiment. These indicators were daily registered, every 1 hour, with the use of digital thermo-hygrometers. An amount of 45 male Ross 308 broilers was used, from 1 day of age, belonging to a productive performance experiment with 300 animals. They were distributed in three treatments (control, 200 and 400 ppbCr/kg of diet) according to a completely randomized design, with 4 repetitions of 25 animals each. At the end of this productive cycle, cortisol concentration in blood serum was determined in 15 animals per treatment, as an indicator of stress. Every animal constituted an experimental unit. For the analysis of results, INFOSTAT statistical package was used. Results. Temperature-humidity index values during the last 32 days of the experiment ranged between 112.53 and 115.26. Mean values of cortisol concentration were 9.45, 8.91 and 7.66 nmol/L, for the three evaluated treatments respectively. This decrease was not statistically significant. Conclusions. The organic Cr product was effective for decreasing heat stress by reducing cortisol concentration, although not significant, in blood serum of broilers. The existence of stress generated by heat during the experiment was confirmed.

A política das Parcerias para o Desenvolvimento Produtivo surgiu como uma estratégia do Governo Federal brasileiro em prol do fortalecimento do Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde. Apesar de a primeira parceria datar do ano de 2009, o seu marco regulatório foi consolidado apenas em 2014, quando foram descritos oito objetivos da política. Desses, o presente artigo se propôs a avaliar especificamente o quarto objetivo: “proteger os interesses da Administração Pública e da sociedade ao buscar a economicidade e a vantajosidade, considerando-se preços, qualidade, tecnologia e benefícios sociais”. Para tal, foi realizada uma avaliação dos resultados da política, por meio de uma abordagem metodológica mista, com a proposição de quatro indicadores de avaliação de resultados. Os resultados da análise quantitativa permitiram confirmar que houve redução nos custos de aquisição em 37 dos 39 medicamentos avaliados após o início da política, ao mesmo tempo em que houve aumento na quantidade adquirida em 38 dos 39 medicamentos. Por sua vez, a análise qualitativa permitiu observar uma falta de planejamento dos gestores públicos e de observância às normativas da política no que concerne ao princípio da vantajosidade. Aproximadamente 40% dos medicamentos estudados não passaram por uma avaliação de tecnologias em saúde pela Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde, o que gera dúvidas em relação à sua vantajosidade para a Administração Pública, que é medida pelo custo-efetividade dos medicamentos incorporados na política.

The policy for Productive Development Partnerships emerged in Brazil as a Federal Government strategy to strengthen the Health Economic-Industrial Complex. Although the first partnership dates back to 2009, the regulatory framework was only consolidated in 2014, when eight policy objectives were described. Of these, this article is intended to specifically evaluate the fourth objective: “to protect the interests of the Public Administration and society by seeking economic savings and advantage, considering prices, quality, technology, and social benefits”. An assessment of the policy results was performed through a mixed methodological approach, by proposing four assessment indicators. The quantative analysis results confirmed a reduction in the purchase price for 37 of the 39 drugs assessed after the policy implementation, while there was an increase in the amounts purchased in 38 of the 39 drugs. On the other hand, the qualitative analysis revealed a lack of planning by public administrators and lack of compliance with the policy guidelines related to the principle of advantageousness. Approximately 40% of the drugs studied did not undergo a health technology assessment by the Brazilian National Commission for the Incorporation of Technologies in the Unified Health System, raising doubts with regards to the advantage for the Public Administration, which is measured by the cost-effectiveness of the drugs incorporated by the policy.

La política de las Asociaciones para el Desarrollo Productivo surgió como estrategia del Gobierno Federal brasileño a favor del fortalecimiento del Complejo Económico-Industrial de la Salud. En que pese a la primera colaboración haber ocurrido en 2009, su marco regulatorio se consolidó solamente en 2014, cuando se describieron ocho objetivos de la política. De estos, el presente artículo se propuso a evaluar específicamente el cuarto objetivo: “proteger los intereses de la Administración Pública y de la sociedad, al buscar la economicidad y sus ventajas, considerándose precios, calidad, tecnología y beneficios sociales”. Para ello, se realizó una evaluación de los resultados de la política, mediante un abordaje metodológico mixto, con la propuesta de cuatro indicadores de evaluación de resultados. Los resultados del análisis cuantitativo permitieron confirmar que hubo reducción en los costes de adquisición en 37 de los 39 medicamentos evaluados tras el inicio de la política, al mismo tiempo que hubo un aumento en la cantidad adquirida en 38 de los 39 medicamentos. A su vez, el análisis cualitativo permitió observar una falta de planificación de los gestores públicos y de observancia de las normativas de la política, en lo que concierne al principio de ventajas. Aproximadamente un 40% de los medicamentos estudiados no pasaron por una evaluación de tecnologías en salud por la Comisión Nacional de Incorporación de Tecnologías en el Sistema Único de Salud, lo que genera dudas en relación a sus ventajas para la Administración Pública, que es medida por el coste-efectividad de los medicamentos incorporados en su política.

A política das Parcerias para o Desenvolvimento Produtivo surgiu como uma estratégia do Governo Federal brasileiro em prol do fortalecimento do Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde. Apesar de a primeira parceria datar do ano de 2009, o seu marco regulatório foi consolidado apenas em 2014, quando foram descritos oito objetivos da política. Desses, o presente artigo se propôs a avaliar especificamente o quarto objetivo: “proteger os interesses da Administração Pública e da sociedade ao buscar a economicidade e a vantajosidade, considerando-se preços, qualidade, tecnologia e benefícios sociais”. Para tal, foi realizada uma avaliação dos resultados da política, por meio de uma abordagem metodológica mista, com a proposição de quatro indicadores de avaliação de resultados. Os resultados da análise quantitativa permitiram confirmar que houve redução nos custos de aquisição em 37 dos 39 medicamentos avaliados após o início da política, ao mesmo tempo em que houve aumento na quantidade adquirida em 38 dos 39 medicamentos. Por sua vez, a análise qualitativa permitiu observar uma falta de planejamento dos gestores públicos e de observância às normativas da política no que concerne ao princípio da vantajosidade. Aproximadamente 40% dos medicamentos estudados não passaram por uma avaliação de tecnologias em saúde pela Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde, o que gera dúvidas em relação à sua vantajosidade para a Administração Pública, que é medida pelo custo-efetividade dos medicamentos incorporados na política.

The policy for Productive Development Partnerships emerged in Brazil as a Federal Government strategy to strengthen the Health Economic-Industrial Complex. Although the first partnership dates back to 2009, the regulatory framework was only consolidated in 2014, when eight policy objectives were described. Of these, this article is intended to specifically evaluate the fourth objective: “to protect the interests of the Public Administration and society by seeking economic savings and advantage, considering prices, quality, technology, and social benefits”. An assessment of the policy results was performed through a mixed methodological approach, by proposing four assessment indicators. The quantative analysis results confirmed a reduction in the purchase price for 37 of the 39 drugs assessed after the policy implementation, while there was an increase in the amounts purchased in 38 of the 39 drugs. On the other hand, the qualitative analysis revealed a lack of planning by public administrators and lack of compliance with the policy guidelines related to the principle of advantageousness. Approximately 40% of the drugs studied did not undergo a health technology assessment by the Brazilian National Commission for the Incorporation of Technologies in the Unified Health System, raising doubts with regards to the advantage for the Public Administration, which is measured by the cost-effectiveness of the drugs incorporated by the policy.

La política de las Asociaciones para el Desarrollo Productivo surgió como estrategia del Gobierno Federal brasileño a favor del fortalecimiento del Complejo Económico-Industrial de la Salud. En que pese a la primera colaboración haber ocurrido en 2009, su marco regulatorio se consolidó solamente en 2014, cuando se describieron ocho objetivos de la política. De estos, el presente artículo se propuso a evaluar específicamente el cuarto objetivo: “proteger los intereses de la Administración Pública y de la sociedad, al buscar la economicidad y sus ventajas, considerándose precios, calidad, tecnología y beneficios sociales”. Para ello, se realizó una evaluación de los resultados de la política, mediante un abordaje metodológico mixto, con la propuesta de cuatro indicadores de evaluación de resultados. Los resultados del análisis cuantitativo permitieron confirmar que hubo reducción en los costes de adquisición en 37 de los 39 medicamentos evaluados tras el inicio de la política, al mismo tiempo que hubo un aumento en la cantidad adquirida en 38 de los 39 medicamentos. A su vez, el análisis cualitativo permitió observar una falta de planificación de los gestores públicos y de observancia de las normativas de la política, en lo que concierne al principio de ventajas. Aproximadamente un 40% de los medicamentos estudiados no pasaron por una evaluación de tecnologías en salud por la Comisión Nacional de Incorporación de Tecnologías en el Sistema Único de Salud, lo que genera dudas en relación a sus ventajas para la Administración Pública, que es medida por el coste-efectividad de los medicamentos incorporados en su política.

Abstract On the set of positive real numbers, multiplication, represented by ⊕, is considered as an operation associated with the notion of sum, and the operation a ⨀ b = aln(b) represents the meaning of the traditional multiplication. The triple (R+, ⊕,⨀) forms an ordered and complete field in which derivative and integration operators are defined analogously to the Differential and Integral Calculus. In this article, we present the proportional arithmetic and we construct the theory of ordinary proportional differential equations. A proportional version of Gronwall inequality, Gompertz’s function, the q-Periodic functions, proportional heat, and wave equations as well as a proportional version of Fourier’s series are presented. Furthermore, a non-Newtonian logistic growth model is proposed.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the consumption of drugs and other psychoactive substances produces physical, social and mental damages, generating cognitive impairment, which causes difficulties in socialization and in memory operational components. Objective: to determine the correlation between cognitive impairment and the consumption of psychoactive substances in drug-dependent patients of the rehabilitation program, and its relationship with type of drug consumed and time of consumption, considering current age and educational level achieved. Method: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the presence of cognitive impairment in 76 male drug-dependent patients between 18 and 66 years of age, admitted to the Unidad de Conductas Adictivas (UCA) of the Instituto de Neurociencias de Guayaquil (INC), Ecuador, between January and July, 2016. Folstein test (MMSE) was applied after 45 days of stay in the program and in abstinence from consumption, and deterioration was correlated with time of consumption and type of drugs. Results: mild cognitive impairment was the most frequent, with a clear predominance of the age group between 18 and 24 years old which had 18 cases (64.3%), followed by the 25-29 age group with 14.3%. Conclusions: approximately one in three cases showed some type of alteration with mild cognitive impairment and a strong association between the impairment and the time of consumption, but there was no evidence of its correlation with the type of drug consumed.

RESUMEN Introducción: el consumo de drogas y otras sustancias psicoactivas produce daños físicos, sociales y de las funciones mentales y genera deterioro cognitivo, lo que provoca dificultades en la socialización y los componentes operacionales de la memoria. Objetivos: determinar la relación entre el deterioro cognitivo y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en pacientes drogodependientes en programa de deshabituación y su relación con el tipo de droga consumida y el tiempo de consumo, considerando la edad actual y el nivel educativo alcanzado. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, que permitió determinar la presencia de deterioro cognitivo en 76 pacientes drogodependientes masculinos de entre 18 y 66 años, ingresados en la Unidad de Conductas Adictivas (UCA) del Instituto de Neurociencias de Guayaquil (INC), Ecuador, entre enero y julio del 2016. Se aplicó la prueba Folstein Mini Mental (MMSE) a los 45 días de estancia en el programa y en abstinencia de consumo y se correlacionó el deterioro con el tiempo de consumo y el tipo de drogas. Resultados: el deterioro cognitivo leve fue el más frecuente con un franco predominio del grupo etario de entre 18 y 24 años, con 18 casos (64,3%), seguido del grupo de 25 a 29 años, con el 14,3%. Conclusiones: aproximadamente uno de cada tres casos presentó algún tipo de alteración con deterioro cognitivo leve y una marcada relación entre el deterioro y el tiempo de consumo, pero no evidenció asociación de este con el tipo de droga consumida.

Resumo Este artigo avalia a efetividade da participação cidadã nos conselhos municipais de Curitiba. Um estudo de casos múltiplos foi realizado com foco nos conselhos sociais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental da legislação, dos regimentos internos e das atas de reuniões dos Conselhos Municipais de Alimentação Escolar, de Esporte e de Saúde, com o objetivo de identificar a possibilidade legal e a participação efetiva dos cidadãos nas sessões plenárias. Um tipo ideal de governança pública foi proposto a partir de uma síntese da revisão de literatura sobre o tema. A partir disso, foram definidas 18 variáveis qualitativas a serem identificadas nas atas das reuniões dos conselhos. No período de 2015 e 2016, a frequência relativa de ocorrência das variáveis nos conselhos estudados foi de 18%, 10% e 45%, respectivamente. Conclui-se que, apesar da previsão legal da democracia participativa e do controle social, a participação cidadã ainda é limitada, caracterizando-se pela passividade dos representantes da sociedade civil. Além disso, há pouca transparência dos atos dos conselhos, evidenciada pela ausência de dados atualizados no Portal dos Conselhos Municipais de Curitiba ou em endereço eletrônico próprio, bem como pela forma sucinta de redação das atas das reuniões dos conselhos.

Abstract This article evaluates the effectiveness of citizen participation in the municipal councils of Curitiba. A multiple case study was performed, which the focus was the social councils. Documentary research was carried out on the legislation, internal regulations and minutes of meetings of the Municipal Councils on School Feeding, Sports and Health, with the objective of identifying the legal possibility and the effective participation of citizens in plenary sessions. An ideal type of public governance was proposed from a synthesis of the literature review on the subject. From this, 18 qualitative variables were defined to be identified in the minutes of the council meetings. In the period of 2015 and 2016, the relative frequency of occurrence of the different variables in the councils studied was 18%, 10% and 45%, respectively. It was concluded that, despite the legal prediction of participatory democracy and social control, citizen participation is still limited, characterized by the passivity of representatives of civil society. In addition, there is little transparency in the acts of the councils, evidenced by the absence of updated data in the Portal of the Municipal Councils of Curitiba or in its own electronic address, as well as by the succinct way of writing the minutes of the council meetings.

RESUMO: A ingestão de corpos estranhos, principalmente metálicos (CEM), pelos bovinos é frequente e pode levar à sua morte. Para fins diagnósticos, as provas de dor reticular são usados de forma rotineira, sendo ainda pouco usual a ferroscopia, mesmo como auxílio diagnóstico. Neste trabalho procurou-se validar a aplicação do detector de metais (DM), marca GMS 120 Professional BOSCH® no reconhecimento de CEM na espécie bovina, além de descrever seu uso em casos a campo. CEM (n=50) de forma, tamanho e peso variados foram selecionados e avaliados com o DM, inicialmente sobre uma superfície plana e inerte e depois in vivo em uma vaca com fístula ruminal. Retrospectivamente, acessou-se um banco de dados dos anos 2000 a 2017 com 122015 bovinos, com 31865 bovinos atendidos após a introdução do DM no ano de 2013. Prospectivamente, avaliaram-se 15 vacas positivas para o teste de dor reticular, oito vacas foram diagnosticadas com CEM através do DM. A distância média para a melhor detecção dos CEM na superfície inerte foi de 4,6 cm. Em vaca fistulada não foi possível detectar nenhum CEM, independentemente do tamanho e peso do material. A campo, após a introdução do uso do DM aumentou a capacidade de detecção dos CEM. O DM pode ser considerado um auxílio diagnóstico em situações específicas. Dependendo da condição corporal do bovino, falsos negativos podem ocorrer com o uso do aparelho GMS 120 Professional Bosch®.

ABSTRACT: The ingestion of foreign bodies, mainly metallic (MFB- metallic foreign body), by cattle is frequent and can lead to death. For diagnostic purposes, reticular pain tests are routinely used, and ferroscopy is still unusual, even as a diagnostic aid. The objective of this study was to validate the application of the GMS 120 Professional BOSCH® metal detector (MD) in the detection of MFB in the bovine species and describe its use in field cases. Fifty MFBs of varying shape, size, and weight were evaluated with an MD, initially on a flat and inert surface, and then in a permanent rumen fistulated cow. Retrospectively, a database from 2000 to 2017 with 122015 cattle was accessed, of which 31865 were examined after the introduction of MD usage in 2013. Fifteen cows positive for reticular pain tests were prospectively evaluated and eight cows were diagnosed with MFB through MD usage. The mean distance for MFB best detection on the inert surface was 4.6 cm. In the fistulated cow, it was not possible to detect any MFBs, regardless of the size or weight of the material. The MFB detection capacity increased with MD use, which can be considered a diagnostic aid in specific situations. Depending on the body condition of the bovine, false negatives may occur with the use of GMS 120 Professional Bosch® metal detector.

SUMMARY Background Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is the exogenous administration for climacteric and menopausal treatment. Objective To analyze studies in relation to THM and cardiovascular (CV) risk, to understand the ‘’cardiovascular window of opportunity’’ concept, also, to analyze the physiology of estrogens into cardiovascular system is fundamental for a suitable comprehension of its protective role. Method Review of literature available on PubMed during October 2018, using the terms "menopausal hormone therapy" and "cardiovascular disease." In addition, Scielo database with the terms ‘’hormone therapy’’, ‘’menopause’’ and ‘’ cardiovascular’’ was reviewed; Articles were chosen between 2000 and 2018 with the terms used in the title or summary. A directed search of relevant studies, clinical guides, one meta-analysis, one related systematic review and the latest publications of scientific societies of the specialty was also conducted. Results Since beginning of MHT, a role in CV protection has been observed in different observational studies. Recent years have been demonstrated through various randomized studies, following the doubts left by the WHI of 2002, the benefits of MHT. Conclusion MHT improves the quality of life of women in climacteric and menopausal. Estrogen have better benefit on CV disease, by administering early therapy after menopausal and maintaining it for a long time. Given the women increase in life expectancy and multiple CV risk factors, clinical management of postmenopausal is a relevant public health problem.

Resumen Antecedentes La terapia hormonal de la menopausia (THM) corresponde a la administración de hormonas exógenas para el tratamiento de síntomas asociados a climaterio y menopausia. Objetivo Analizar los estudios que dicen relación a THM y riesgo cardiovascular (CV) para entender el concepto de ventana de oportunidad cardiovascular, además analizar la fisiología de los estrógenos en el aparato CV es fundamental para una adecuada comprensión de su rol protector. Método revisión de la literatura disponible en PubMed durante octubre de 2018, utilizando los términos “menopausal hormone therapy’’ y ‘’cardiovascular disease’.Además se revisó base de datos Scielo con los términos “terapia hormonal’’, ‘’menopausia’’ y ‘’cardiovascular’’; se escogieron artículos entre 2000 y 2018 con los términos utilizados en el título o resumen. También se realizó búsqueda dirigida de estudios relevantes, guías clínicas, un metanálisis, una revisión sistemática relacionada y las últimas publicaciones de sociedades científicas dela especialidad. Resultados Desde los inicios de la THM se observó en distintos estudios observacionales un papel en la protección CV. Los últimos años se ha ido demostrando a través de diversos estudios aleatorizados, a raíz de las dudas que dejó el WHI de 2002, los beneficios de esta. Conclusión La THM mejora la calidad de vida de las mujeres en climaterio y menopausia. Los estrógenos tienen mejor beneficio sobre enfermedad CV al administrar terapia precozmente luego de la menopausia (ventana de oportunidad) y mantenerla durante un tiempo prolongado de acuerdo a estudios observacionales y aleatorizados. Dado el aumento de la esperanza de vida de la mujer y múltiples FR CV, es que el manejo clínico de la postmenopausia es un relevante problema de salud pública.

Resumen Introducción. Ante la necesidad de mitigar los accidentes y muerte por actividades de trabajo en altura superior a 1.50 metros o más, o sobre un nivel inferior, se realiza esta investigación donde se evidencian los índices de casos presentados, condiciones de seguridad apropiadas y las recomendaciones para la utilización de equipos para la seguridad de los empleados y a su vez una formación teórico-práctica específica de los mismos. Objetivo. Valorar los lineamientos de la implementación del cumplimiento del protocolo de trabajos seguro en alturas por los trabajadores de la empresa MEXICHEN de la zona industrial de Mamonal, en Cartagena de Indias, en el año 2016. Materiales y Métodos. Observacional-descriptivo de corte transversal. El presente es un estudio que se realizó por medio de una encuesta y una lista de chequeo de equipos, la cual brindó la información necesaria para concluir con esta fase del proyecto de investigación. Resultados. El conocimiento de los contratistas existe, al aplicar la encuesta se logró apreciar que los trabajadores se desenvuelven de manera correcta en esta parte. Conclusiones. Se puede afirmar que los trabajadores de MEXICHEN Cartagena cuentan con las competencias para realizar correctamente su labor, por tal motivo están cumpliendo con el protocolo de trabajo en alturas, así como el uso de elementos para tal fin. Recomendaciones: Brindar entrenamiento teórico-práctico al personal que labora sobre 1.50 metros para que fortalezcan su conocimiento y experiencia sobre este, de esta manera mitigar las caídas con consecuencias lamentables, es importante en estas tareas mantenerse anclados a sus equipos.

Abstract Introduction. In view of the need to mitigate accidents and death from work activities at heights higher than 1.50 meters or more, or at a lower level, this investigation is carried out where the rates of cases presented, appropriate safety conditions and recommendations for the use of equipment for the safety of employees and, in turn, specific theoretical and practical training of the same. Objective. To evaluate the guidelines for the implementation of compliance with the protocol of safe work at heights by the workers of the company MEXICHEN of the Mamonal - Cartagena in 2016. Materials and Methods. Observational descriptive cross-section. This is a study that was carried out through a survey and a checklist of equipment, since it is providing the necessary information to conclude this phase of the research project. Results. With this investigation it was found that the knowledge of the contractors exists, when applying the survey it was possible to appreciate that the workers are working correctly in this part. Conclusions. It can be affirmed that the workers of MEXICHEN Cartagena have the competences to carry out their work correctly, for this reason they are complying with the work protocol at heights, as well as the use of elements for that purpose. Recommendations: Provide theoretical and practical training to personnel who work on 1.50 meters to strengthen their knowledge and experience on this, in this way mitigate the falls with unfortunate consequences, it is important in these tasks to stay anchored to their equipment.